Red Panda is also known as red cat bear, found mostly in the sub Himalayan states of North East. In India, Red Pandas are only found in the states of Sikkim, northern West Bengal (Darjeeling and Kalimpong), Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh.Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park also known as Darjeeling zoo has successful captive breeding programs of Red Pandas in India and also Himalayan salamander and Indian wolf. Follow the link to know more about –., DarjeelingSingalila National Park is located at the Singalila ridge in Darjeeling district and Sandakphu is the highest peaks of West Bengal in Singalila ridge. The park has a number of small mammals including Leopard cat,yellow throated marten,pangolin, endangered Himalayan newt and Red Panda.
Nokrek National Park, MeghalayaNokrek National Park is a hotspot of biodiversity in Meghalaya and listed as one of the Biosphere reserves in India. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is an important habitat of the Asian elephants and has remnant population of the Red panda in India.
Neora Valley National Park, DarjeelingNeora Valley National Park is one of the richest biological zones in the entire Northeast India and home to elegant red panda and five species of civet. The park is an important wilderness zone in the and also known as birders paradise. Namdapha National Park, Arunachal PradeshNamdapha National Park of Arunachal Pradesh is one of the largest national park in India and the.
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Namdapha area also known for extensive Dipterocarp forests and Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. Khangchendzonga National Park, SikkimKhangchendzonga National Park of Sikkim is a world heritage site and the first Mixed Heritage site of India. Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve is home to amazing list of wild animals like Asiatic wild dog,Himalayan tahr, snow leopard, Clouded Leopard and red panda.The Endangered Red Panda is the only living species of family Ailuridae and also found in Assam, northern Arunachal Pradesh near Bhutan border and Meghalaya Plateau. It is the state animal of Sikkim and can be spotted at other wildlife sanctuaries of North East Indian states such as the Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Eagle Nest Wildlife Sanctuary, Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary and Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary.
Contents.Taxonomy ClassificationFor many decades, the precise classification of the giant panda was under debate because it shares characteristics with both bears. However, indicate the giant panda is a true, part of the family Ursidae. These studies show it differentiated early (about 19 million years ago) from the main stock; since it is the most member of the group, it is equidistant from all other extant ursids. The giant panda has been referred to as a.Despite the shared name, habitat type, and diet, as well as a unique enlarged bone called the pseudo thumb (which helps them grip the bamboo shoots they eat) the giant panda and are only distantly related.EtymologyThe word panda was borrowed into English from French, but no conclusive explanation of the origin of the French word panda has been found.
The closest candidate is the word ponya, possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone of the red panda, which is native to Nepal. The Western world originally applied this name to the red panda. The has a light brown and white patternTwo subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial measurements, colour patterns, and. The, A. Melanoleuca, consists of most extant populations of the giant panda. These animals are principally found in and display the typical stark black and white contrasting colours.
The, A. Qinlingensis, is restricted to the in Shaanxi at elevations of 1,300–3,000 m. The typical black and white pattern of Sichuan giant pandas is replaced with a light brown and white pattern. The skull of A. Qinlingensis is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars.A detailed study of the giant panda's genetic history from 2012 confirms that the separation of the Qinlin population occurred about 300,000 years ago, and reveals that the non-Qinlin population further diverged into two groups, named the and the - group respectively, about 2,800 years ago. The skeleton (left) and taxidermy model (right) of 'Tong Tong', once bred in at the,The giant panda has luxuriant black-and-white fur. Adults measure around 1.2 to 1.9 m (4 to 6 ft) long, including a tail of about 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in), and 60 to 90 cm (2.0 to 3.0 ft) tall at the.
Males can weigh up to 160 kg (350 lb). Females (generally 10–20% smaller than males) can weigh as little as 70 kg (150 lb), but can also weigh up to 125 kg (276 lb).
Average adult weight is 100 to 115 kg (220 to 254 lb).The giant panda has a body shape typical of bears. It has black fur on its ears, eye patches, muzzle, legs, arms and shoulders.
The rest of the animal's coat is white. Although scientists do not know why these unusual bears are black and white, speculation suggests that the bold colouring provides effective camouflage in their shade-dappled snowy and rocky habitat. The giant panda's thick, wooly coat keeps it warm in the cool forests of its habitat. The panda's skull shape is typical of carnivorans. It has evolved from previous ancestors to exhibit larger molars with increased complexity and expanded temporal fossa. A 110.45 kg (243.5 lb) giant panda has a 3D canine teeth bite force of 2603.47 newtons and of 292.
Another study had a 117.5 kg (259 lb) giant panda bite of 1298.9 newtons (BFQ 151.4) at canine teeth and 1815.9 newtons (BFQ 141.8) at carnassial teeth. Bones of the left forelimbThe giant panda's has; the 'thumb' – actually a modified – helps it to hold bamboo while eating. Discusses this feature in his book of essays on and,.The giant panda's tail, measuring 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in), is the second-longest in the bear family (the longest belongs to the ).The giant panda typically lives around 20 years in the wild and up to 30 years in. A female named was the oldest giant panda ever in captivity, born in 1978 and died at an age of 38 on 16 October 2016. Panda eating, standing, playingDespite its classification as a, the giant panda's is primarily, consisting almost exclusively of bamboo. However, the giant panda still has the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific genes, and thus derives little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo.
Its ability to digest is ascribed to the microbes in its gut. Pandas are born with sterile intestines and require bacteria obtained from their mother's feces to digest vegetation. The giant panda is a highly specialised animal with unique adaptations, and has lived in bamboo forests for millions of years.The average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to 30 lb) of bamboo shoots a day to compensate for the limited energy content of its diet. Ingestion of such a large quantity of material is possible and necessary because of the rapid passage of large amounts of indigestible plant material through the short, straight digestive tract.
It is also noted, however, that such rapid passage of digesta limits the potential of microbial digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, limiting alternative forms of digestion. Given this voluminous diet, the giant panda defecates up to 40 times a day. The limited energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The giant panda tends to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain to limit its energy expenditures.Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and round face, are to its bamboo diet. Anthropologist observed: 'much like the vegetarian, the low body surface area to body volume of the giant panda is indicative of a lower metabolic rate.
This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allows the giant panda to subsist on nutrient poor resources such as bamboo.' Similarly, the giant panda's round face is the result of powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw. Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material.The morphological characteristics of extinct relatives of the giant panda suggest that while the ancient giant panda was omnivorous 7 million years ago (mya), it only became herbivorous some 2–2.4 mya with the emergence of A. Genome sequencing of the giant panda suggests that the dietary switch could have initiated from the loss of the sole T1R1/T1R3 umami taste receptor, resulting from two frameshift mutations within the T1R1 exons. Spirou magazine.
Umami taste corresponds to high levels of glutamate as found in meat and may have thus altered the food choice of the giant panda. Although the pseudogenisation of the umami taste receptor in Ailuropoda coincides with the dietary switch to herbivory, it is likely a result of, and not the reason for, the dietary change. The mutation time for the T1R1 gene in the giant panda is estimated to 4.2 mya while fossil evidence indicates bamboo consumption in the giant panda species at least 7 mya, signifying that although complete herbivory occurred around 2 mya, the dietary switch was initiated prior to T1R1 loss-of-function.Pandas eat any of 25 bamboo species in the wild, such as. Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less.Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, the giant panda must have at least two different species available in its range to avoid starvation.
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While primarily herbivorous, the giant panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the giant panda's bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements.Pandas will travel between different habitats if they need to, so they can get the nutrients that they need and to balance their diet for reproduction. For six years, scientists studied six pandas tagged with GPS collars at the Foping Reserve in the Qinling Mountains. They took note of their foraging and mating habits and analyzed samples of their food and feces. The pandas would move from the valleys into the Qinling Mountains and would only return to the valleys in autumn. During the summer months bamboo shoots rich in protein are only available at higher altitudes which causes low calcium rates in the pandas and during breeding season the pandas would trek back down to eat bamboo leaves rich in calcium. PredatorsAlthough adult giant pandas have few natural predators other than humans, young cubs are vulnerable to attacks by, eagles, feral dogs, and the.
Sub-adults weighing up to 50 kg (110 lb) may be vulnerable to predation. BehaviorThe giant panda is a and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the and in the hilly province of.
Giant pandas are generally solitary. Each adult has a defined territory and a female is not tolerant of other females in her range. Social encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather. After mating, the male leaves the female alone to raise the cub.Pandas were thought to fall into the category, those who are active twice a day, at dawn and dusk; however, Jindong Zhang found that pandas may belong to a category all of their own, with activity peaks in the morning, afternoon and midnight. Due to their sheer size, they can be active at any time of the day. Activity is highest in June and decreases in late summer to fall with an increase from November through the following March. Activity is also directly related to the amount of sunlight during colder days.Pandas communicate through vocalisation and scent marking such as clawing trees.
They are able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock crevices, but do not establish permanent dens. For this reason, pandas do not, which is similar to other subtropical mammals, and will instead move to elevations with warmer temperatures. Pandas rely primarily on rather than.Though the panda is often assumed to be docile, it has been known to attack humans, presumably out of irritation rather than aggression. A giant panda cub. At birth, the giant panda typically weighs 100 to 200 grams ( 3 1⁄ 2 to 7 oz) and measures 15 to 17 centimeters (6 to 7 in) long.Initially, the primary method of breeding giant pandas in captivity was by, as they seemed to lose their interest in once they were captured. This led some scientists to try extreme methods, such as showing them and giving the males (commonly known by name Viagra). Only recently have researchers started having success with captive breeding programs, and they have now determined giant pandas have comparable breeding to some populations of the, a thriving bear species.
The normal reproductive rate is considered to be one young every two years. Panda Research and Breeding Center in.Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20. The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into, which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year. When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. Time is short, ranging from 30 seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilisation. The period ranges from 95 to 160 days.Giant pandas give birth to twins in about half of pregnancies. If twins are born, usually only one survives in the wild.
The mother will select the stronger of the cubs, and the weaker cub will die due to starvation. The mother is thought to be unable to produce enough milk for two cubs since she does not store fat. The father has no part in helping raise the cub.When the cub is first born, it is pink, blind, and toothless, weighing only 90 to 130 grams (3.2 to 4.6 ounces), or about 1 / 800th of the mother's weight, proportionally the smallest baby of any placental mammal.
It nurses from its mother's breast six to 14 times a day for up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den to feed, which leaves the cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the cub's skin turns grey where its hair will eventually become black. Slight pink colour may appear on cub's fur, as a result of a between the fur and its mother's.
A month after birth, the colour pattern of the cub's fur is fully developed. Its fur is very soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins to crawl at 75 to 80 days; mothers play with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them.
The cubs can eat small quantities of bamboo after six months, though mother's milk remains the primary food source for most of the first year. Giant panda cubs weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) at one year and live with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old.
The interval between births in the wild is generally two years.In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm. The cub was born at 07:41 on 23 July that year in as the third cub of You You, an 11-year-old. The technique for freezing the sperm in was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the dwindling availability of giant panda semen, which had led to inbreeding. Panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species.
It is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and will now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas. In August 2014, a rare birth of panda triplets was announced in China; it was the fourth of such births ever reported.Attempts have also been made to reproduce giant pandas by by implanting cloned panda embryos into the uterus of an animal of another species. This has resulted in panda fetuses, but no live births. Uses and human interaction Early references.
Main article:In the past, pandas were thought to be rare and noble creatures – the was buried with a panda skull in her vault. The grandson of is said to have given Japan two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a sign of goodwill. Unlike many other animals in, pandas were rarely thought to have medical uses.
The few known uses include the Sichuan tribal peoples' use of panda urine to melt accidentally swallowed needles, and the use of panda pelts to control as described in the encyclopedia.The creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as giant panda. The dictionary says that the mo, from (Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black, although the older describes mo simply as a 'white leopard'. The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature (貔貅) as referring to the giant panda is also common.During the reign of the (early 15th century), his relative from sent him a captured , and another zouyu was sighted in.
Zouyu is a legendary 'righteous' animal, which, similarly to a, only appears during the rule of a benevolent and sincere monarch. It is said to be fierce as a, but gentle and strictly vegetarian, and described in some books as a with black spots. Puzzled about the real zoological identity of the creature captured during the Yongle era, J.J.L. Duyvendak exclaims, 'Can it possibly have been a Pandah?'
The comparative obscurity of the giant panda throughout most of China's history is illustrated by the fact that, despite there being a number of depictions of bears in starting from its most ancient times, and the bamboo being one of the favorite subjects for Chinese painters, there are no known pre-20th-century artistic representations of giant pandas.Western discoveryThe West first learned of the giant panda on 11 March 1869, when the French received a skin from a hunter. The first Westerner known to have seen a living giant panda is the German zoologist, who purchased a cub in 1916. And, became the first Westerners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the in the 1920s. In 1936, became the first Westerner to bring back a live giant panda, a cub named which went to live at the in Chicago. In 1938, five giant pandas were sent to London. Main article:Gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1970s, as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between China and the West. This practice has been termed 'panda diplomacy'.By 1984, however, pandas were no longer given as gifts.
Instead, China began to offer pandas to other nations only on 10-year loans, under terms including a fee of up to US$1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan are the property of China. Since 1998, because of a, the only allows a US to import a panda if the zoo can ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into efforts for the giant panda and its habitat.In May 2005, China offered a breeding pair to. The issue became embroiled in – both over the underlying symbolism, and over technical issues such as whether the transfer would be considered 'domestic' or 'international', or whether any true conservation purpose would be served by the exchange. A contest in 2006 to name the pandas was held in the mainland, resulting in the politically charged names (from tuanyuan, meaning 'reunion', i.e. China's offer was initially rejected by, then President of Taiwan. However, when assumed the presidency in 2008, the offer was accepted, and the pandas arrived in December of that year.
BiofuelMicrobes in panda waste are being investigated for their use in creating from bamboo and other plant materials. ConservationThe giant panda is a, threatened by continued and, and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in. Its range is currently confined to a small portion on the western edge of its historical range, which stretched through southern and eastern China, northern, and northern.The giant panda has been a target of poaching by locals since ancient times and by foreigners since it was introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were unable to poach giant pandas in China because of the and the, but pandas remained a source of soft furs for the locals. The population boom in China after 1949 created stress on the pandas' habitat and the subsequent famines led to the increased hunting of wildlife, including pandas. During the, all studies and conservation activities on the pandas were stopped. After the, demand for panda skins from Hong Kong and Japan led to illegal poaching for the, acts generally ignored by the local officials at the time.
Closeup of a seven-month-old panda cubIn 1963, the PRC government set up to save the declining panda population. However, few advances in the conservation of pandas were made at the time, owing to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology.
Many believed the best way to save the pandas was to cage them. As a result, pandas were caged at any sign of decline and suffered from terrible conditions. Because of pollution and destruction of their natural habitat, along with segregation caused by caging, reproduction of wild pandas was severely limited. In the 1990s, however, several laws (including gun control and the removal of resident humans from the reserves) helped their chances of survival. With these renewed efforts and improved conservation methods, wild pandas have started to increase in numbers in some areas, though they still are classified as a.
In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes from panda, scientists believe the wild population may be as large as 3,000. In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves in 1998. As the species has been reclassified to 'vulnerable' since 2016, the conservation efforts are thought to be working. Furthermore, in response to this reclassification, the announced that they would not accordingly lower the conservation level for panda, and would instead reinforce the conservation efforts.The giant panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is one of the few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a designation. The, located in the southwest province of and covering seven natural reserves, were inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2006.Not all conservationists agree that the money spent on conserving pandas is well spent.
Has argued that the breeding of pandas in captivity is 'pointless' because 'there is not enough habitat left to sustain them'. Packham argues that the money spent on pandas would be better spent elsewhere, and has said he would 'eat the last panda if I could have all the money we have spent on panda conservation put back on the table for me to do more sensible things with', though he has apologised for upsetting people who like pandas. He said, 'The panda is possibly one of the grossest wastes of conservation money in the last half century.' However, a 2015 paper found that the giant panda can serve as an as the preservation of their habitat also helps other in China, including 70% of the country's forest birds, 70% of mammals and 31% of amphibians.In 2012, a global nonprofit that teams volunteers with scientists to conduct important environmental research, launched a program called 'On the Trail of Giant Panda'. This program, based in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, allows volunteers to work up close with pandas cared for in captivity, and help them adapt to life in the wild, so that they may breed, and live longer and healthier lives. See also:.Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the in China, where the writer noted that the panda was the most treasured animal in the emperor's garden of exotic animals in the capital (present ).
Not until the 1950s were pandas again recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos.at the became very popular. This influenced the to use a panda as its symbol.A 2006 article outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which costs five times more than keeping the next most expensive animal, an elephant. American zoos generally pay the Chinese government $1 million a year in fees, as part of a typical ten-year contract. San Diego's contract with China was to expire in 2008, but got a five-year extension at about half of the previous yearly cost. The last contract, with the in, ended in 2013. Population chart YearWildChangeCaptivityChangeTotalChange19761,000n/an/an/an/an/a1985800–1,200n/an/an/an/an/a19871,000n/an/an/an/an/a19941,200n/an/an/an/an/a19951,000−200n/an/an/an/a20031,596+596164n/a1,760n/a2012n/an/a341+178n/an/a20131,864+268375+342,239+479Reference in medicineThe is an sign in patients with, named for the midbrain's resemblance to a giant panda's face.See also.